We investigate the causes of large $dB/dt$ events observed by SuperMAG, by comparing with the time-series of different types of geomagnetic activity, or “convection state”, for the duration of 2010. Spikes are found to occur predominantly in the pre-midnight and dawn sectors. We find that pre-midnight spikes are associated with substorm onsets. Dawn sector spikes are not directly associated with substorms, but with auroral activity occurring within the westward electrojet region. Azimuthally-spaced auroral features drift sunwards, producing Ps6 (10-20 min period) magnetic perturbations on the ground. The magnitude of $dB/dt$ is determined by the flow speed in the convection return flow region, which in turn is related to the strength of solar wind-magnetospheric coupling. Pre-midnight and dawn sector spikes can occur at the same time, as strong coupling favours both substorms and westward electrojet activity; however, the mechanisms that create them seem somewhat independent. The dawn auroral features share some characteristics with omega bands, but can also appear as north-south aligned auroral streamers. We suggest that these two phenomena share a single underlying cause.

The terrestrial magnetosphere is perpetually exposed to, and significantly deformed by the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) in the solar wind. This deformation is typically detected at discrete locations by space- and ground-based observations. Earth’s aurora, on the other hand, is a globally distributed phenomenon that may be used to elucidate magnetospheric deformations caused by IMF variations, as well as plasma supply from the deformed magnetotail to the high-latitude atmosphere. We report the utilization of an auroral form known as the transpolar arc (TPA) to diagnose the plasma dynamics of the globally deformed magnetosphere. Nine TPAs examined in this study have two types of a newly identified morphology, which are designated as “J”- and “L”-shaped TPAs from their shapes, and are shown to have antisymmetric morphologies in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, depending on the IMF polarity. The TPA-associated ionospheric current profiles suggest that electric currents flowing along the magnetic field lines (Field-Aligned Currents: FACs), connecting the magnetotail and the ionosphere, may be related to the “J”- and “L”-shaped TPA formations. The FACs can be generated by velocity shear between fast plasma flows associated with nightside magnetic reconnection and slower background magnetotail plasma flows. Complex large-scale TPA FAC structures, previously unravelled by an Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, cannot be elucidated by our observations. However, our interpretation of TPA features in a global context facilitates the usage of TPA as a diagnostic tool to effectively remote-sense globally deformed terrestrial and planetary magnetospheric processes in response to the IMF and solar wind plasma conditions.

Since we discovered the newly morphological transpolar arc (TPA), whose nightside end got distorted toward pre- or post-midnight, identified as “nightside distorted TPAs”, their fundamental characteristics have been revealed based on investigations of the space-borne auroral imager data and corresponding solar wind conditions. Nightside distorted TPAs had two types; “J”- and “L”-shaped TPAs, and their locations of appearance (dawn or duskside of the polar cap) were governed by the polarity of the By component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Furthermore, we found that the nightside distorted TPAs have antisymmetric morphologies in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, also depending on the IMF-By orientation. In this presentation, we show that that the electric currents flowing aligned to the magnetic field lines which connect between the magnetotail and the ionosphere, that is, Field-aligned currents (FACs) play an essential role in the formations of the “J”- and “L”-shaped TPAs. They are induced by significant plasma flow velocity difference (plasma flow shear) between the fast plasma flows associated with nightside magnetic reconnection and slower background plasma flows in the magnetotail. The current vortex structures with the counterclockwise rotation are also clearly seen in the ionospheric current vectors derived from fluctuations of the geomagnetic field measured at the ground observatories beneath and in close proximity of the growth regions of the nightside distorted TPA. This result suggests that the FACs were flowing out of the ionosphere toward the magnetotail (upward FACs) near the TPA. Furthermore, based on the geomagnetic field variations and the SuperDARN HF radar data, we obtained evidence in which the locations of magnetotail magnetic reconnection, which persisted even during northward IMF-Bz intervals, that is, the TPA durations, retreated further down tail as the TPA grew to the dayside. Taking into account these observational results, we finally show a model to illustrate the nightside distorted TPA (particularly, “L”-shaped TPA) formation.

We present observations of the northern hemisphere auroras taken with the Far UV cameras onboard the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) spacecraft during a compression of the magnetosphere by a solar wind pressure step on 30 December 2001. The compression occurs during a period of northward IMF which has given rise to the presence of a pair of transpolar arcs (TPAs) near the dawnside oval. The compression causes a brightening of the oval, from dayside to nightside over the course of 10 mins, followed by a brightening of the midnight sector oval and TPAs from nightside to dayside, again over 10 mins. We suggest that the brightening is caused by pitch angle scattering of particles trapped on closed magnetic field lines, and that the sequence of the brightening tracks the solar wind pressure step as it progresses along the length of the magnetotail. Travelling at 600 km s$^{-1}$, the step reaches up to 90 $R_E$ down-tail over the period of brightening, suggesting that the magnetic field lines which map to the TPAs are closed and stretch almost this length down-tail.

We propose a mechanism for the formation of the horse-collar auroral configuration during periods of strongly northwards interplanetary magnetic field, invoking the action of dual-lobe reconnection (DLR). Auroral observations are provided by the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Auroras Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite and spacecraft of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). We also use ionospheric flow measurements from DMSP and polar maps of field-aligned currents (FACs) derived from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). Sunward convection is observed within the dark polar cap, with antisunwards flows within the horse-collar auroral region, together with the NBZ FAC distribution expected to be associated with DLR. We suggest that newly-closed flux is transported antisunwards and to dawn and dusk within the reverse lobe cell convection pattern associated with DLR, causing the polar cap to acquire a teardrop shape and weak auroras to form at high latitudes. Horse-collar auroras are a common feature of the quiet magnetosphere, and this model provides a first understanding of their formation, resolving several outstanding questions regarding the nature of DLR and the magnetospheric structure and dynamics during northwards IMF. The model can also provide insights into the trapping of solar wind plasma by the magnetosphere and the formation of a low-latitude boundary layer and cold, dense plasma sheet.