Volcanic seismicity provides essential insights into the behavior of an active volcano across multiple time scales. However, to understand how magma moves as an eruption evolves, better knowledge of the geometry and physical properties of the magma plumbing system is required. In this study, using full-wave ambient noise tomography, we image the 3-D crustal shear-wave velocity structure below GreatSitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian Arc. The new velocity model reveals two low-velocity anomalies, which correlate with the migration of volcanic seismicity. With a partial melt of up to about 30%, these low-velocity anomalies are characterized as mushy magma reservoirs. We propose a six-stage eruption cycle to explain the migration of seismicity and the alternating eruption of two reservoirs with different recharging histories. The findings in this study have broad implications for the dynamics of magma plumbing systems and the structural control of eruption behaviors.

Volcanic eruptions are potentially hazardous natural events. Understanding how magma accumulates, migrates, and erupts is important to understanding and, eventually, predicting volcanic eruptions. However, the variation in the scale of volcanoes, co-occurrence of earthquakes, and the duration of the eruption makes understanding these events difficult. Ambient noise interferometry is becoming an increasingly more popular tool to study and monitor active volcanoes. We use this method to characterize the variations of subsurface seismic velocities associated with different stages of the eruption process at the Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian volcanic arc. This volcano initially erupted in May 2021 with elevated seismicity and gas release, followed by the formation of a new lava dome starting July 2021. The volcano had an increase in seismicity in February 2020 but without any eruption activity reported. Measuring the variation of seismic velocities from August 2019 to March 2022, we observe a local decrease in velocity leading up to the eruption and an increase in velocity following the emplacement of the lava dome. We do not observe any velocity variations preceding the non-eruptive increase of seismic activity in February 2020. Despite its remote location and relatively small scale, the findings of this study at the Great Sitkin volcano have significant implications for understanding volcanism and the development and prediction of volcanic eruptions in general.