Abstract

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Cancer immunotherapy represents a transformative strategy in modern oncology, utilizing the body’s immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells with precision. Unlike traditional therapies, which often directly target the tumor, immunotherapy enhances the immune system’s inherent ability to differentiate between healthy and cancerous cells, leading to more targeted and potentially longer-lasting therapeutic effects. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways, has marked a significant breakthrough in this field, yielding substantial clinical success in various cancer types. However, the therapeutic landscape is still challenged by issues such as the development of resistance mechanisms, heterogeneity in patient responses, and the limited efficacy of current ICIs across all tumor types. Given these challenges, there is a critical need to identify and validate new immune targets that can synergize with existing therapies or function independently to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research efforts focused on uncovering novel immune targets. By expanding the repertoire of immune targets, these discoveries aim to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy, offering hope for more personalized and resilient treatment options. The integration of these novel targets into clinical practice could not only extend the benefits of immunotherapy to a broader spectrum of cancers but also mitigate some of the current limitations, paving the way for more durable and effective therapeutic strategies in the fight against cancer.