The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is considered to be a tipping element in the Earth System with multiple stable states. Here, we investigate the multiple equilibria window of the AMOC within a coupled ocean circulation-carbon cycle box model. We show that adding couplings between the ocean circulation and the carbon cycle model affects the multiple equilibria window of the AMOC. Increasing the total carbon content of the system will widen the multiple equilibria window of the AMOC, since higher atmospheric pCO2 values are accompanied by stronger freshwater forcing over the Atlantic ocean which acts to increase the window. Our results suggest that future changes in the marine carbon cycle can influence AMOC stability in future climates.

Marine ecosystems provide essential services to the Earth System and society. These ecosystems are threatened by anthropogenic activities and climate change. Climate change increases the risk of passing tipping points; for example, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) might tip under future global warming leading to additional changes in the climate system. Here, we look at the effect of an AMOC weakening on marine ecosystems by forcing the Community Earth System Model v2 (CESM2) with low (SSP1-2.6) and high (SSP5-8.5) emission scenarios from 2015 to 2100. An additional freshwater flux is added in the North Atlantic to induce extra weakening of the AMOC. In CESM2, the AMOC weakening has a large impact on phytoplankton biomass and temperature fields through various mechanisms that change the supply of nutrients to the surface ocean. We drive a marine ecosystem model, EcoOcean, with phytoplankton biomass and temperature fields from CESM2. In EcoOcean, we see negative impacts in Total System Biomass (TSB), which are larger for high trophic level organisms. The strongest net effect is seen in the high emission scenario, but the effect of the extra AMOC weakening on TSB is larger in the low emission scenario. On top of anthropogenic climate change, TSB decreases by -3.78% and -2.03% in SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, respectively due to the AMOC weakening. These results show that marine ecosystems will be under increased threat if the AMOC weakens which might put additional stresses on socio-economic systems that are dependent on marine biodiversity as a food and income source.

The Earth System is warming due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions which increases the risk of passing a tipping point in the Earth System, such as a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). An AMOC weakening can have large climate impacts which influences the marine and terrestrial carbon cycle and hence atmospheric pCO2. However, the sign and mechanism of this response are subject to uncertainty. Here, we use a state-of-the-art Earth System Model, the Community Earth System Model v2 (CESM2), to study the atmospheric pCO2 response to an AMOC weakening under low (SSP1-2.6) and high (SSP5-8.5) emission scenarios. A freshwater flux anomaly in the North Atlantic strongly weakens the AMOC, and we simulate a weak positive pCO2 response of 0.45 and 1.3 ppm increase per AMOC decrease in Sv for SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, respectively. For SSP1-2.6 this response is driven by both the oceanic and terrestrial carbon cycles, whereas in SSP5-8.5 it is solely the ocean that drives the response. However, the spatial patterns of both the climate and carbon cycle response are similar in both emission scenarios over the course of the simulation period (2015-2100), showing that the response pattern is not dependent on cumulative CO2 emissions up to 2100. Though the global atmospheric pCO2 response might be small, locally large changes in both the carbon cycle and the climate system occur due to the AMOC weakening, which can have large detrimental effects on ecosystems and society.

Marine carbon cycle processes are important for taking up atmospheric CO2 thereby reducing climate change. Biological production is an important pathway of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean where it is stored for thousands of years. Climate change can interact with marine ecosystems via changes in the ocean stratification and ocean circulation. In this study we use the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) results to assess the effect of a changing climate on biological production and plankton composition in the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean. We find a shift in plankton type dominance from diatoms to small phytoplankton which reduces net primary and export productivity. Using a conceptual carbon-cycle model forced with the CESM2 results, we give a rough estimate of a positive plankton composition-atmospheric CO2 feedback of approximately 60 GtCO2/K warming in the North Atlantic which affects the 1.5K and 2.0K warming safe carbon budgets.