Accurately determining the indoor location of mobile devices has garnered great interest due to its significant challenge in locating sources due to non-line-of-sight propagation and multipath effects. To address this challenge, This paper proposes a new approach to indoor positioning that utilises channel state information (CSI) and machine learning (ML) techniques to improve Accuracy. The proposed method extracts subcarrier amplitude and phase differences from CSI data to create fingerprints, which are then clustered to identify the number of groups of data and split into two sub-databases using a threshold. The ML algorithms and network architecture are used to train both sub-databases of fingerprints. Experiments conducted in a standard indoor environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

In the Baluchistan province of Pakistan, Ziarat and Sherani districts hold significant economic potential for plant cultivation, yet they face severe environmental challenges, including illegal tree cutting, forest fires, and plant diseases. The first part of our comprehensive study, using advanced technology like Landsat 8–9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery from 2013 and 2022 and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has revealed alarming statistics: 99% of the vegetation land cover consists of dead plants, 97% are categorized as unhealthy, and very healthy plants are extinct. Projections indicate that moderately healthy plants will disappear in 3 years in Sherani and 6 years in Ziarat. The second part of our study focuses on early disease detection, especially for exotic tree species like olive as Ziarat and Sherani districts are rich in exotic tree species such as pine nut, juniper, and wild olive. We utilized advanced deep-learning techniques and a dataset comprising 5,334 olive leaf images, including those affected by Aculus Olearius and Olive Peacock Spot diseases, in addition to healthy leaves. Innovative transfer learning models such as Inception V3, Inception Resnet V2, MobileNet, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been applied to enhance disease identification accuracy. The results highlight the promise of these technologies in early disease detection, with MobileNet demonstrating exceptional performance by reducing execution time through the strategic use of fewer training epochs, achieving a 99% accuracy rate for binary classification and 97.6% for multiclass classification, along with the highest F1 score of 99.4. These findings underscore the urgent need to preserve plant health, protect vegetation, and safeguard species, highlighting the importance of biodiversity and forest conservation in critical regions. Keywords: Environmental challenges, Vegetation health, Disease detection, Deep learning models, Biodiversity conservation

In this article, a compact, wideband, and high-gain frequency beam-scanning planar microstrip series-fed antenna array based on  PCB technology is presented at 60 GHz ISM band with enhanced performance.  First, a wideband 8-element linear antenna array is designed that provides -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 41.52% (54–82.3 GHz) covering the entire 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) ISM band from 57–71 GHz. The linear array produces fan-beam patterns, and has a peak realized gain of 13.48 dBi at 64 GHz, with less than 1 dB gain variation within the entire 57–71 GHz. Then, the proposed linear array is employed as a sub-array in a hybrid parallel-series topology to design a compact and high-gain 64-element (8 × 8) planar array. The planar array covers entire 57–71 GHz band with the peak measured gain of 20.12 dBi at 64 GHz and less than 1 dB gain variation within 57–71 GHz, thereby providing 1 dB gain bandwidth of 14 GHz. The planar array provides narrow directional beams with an average half-power beamwidth of 9.7° and 11.78° in the elevation and azimuth planes respectively, for point-to-point multi-gigabit mmWave connectivity. The phase variation of the series-fed topology is employed to produce frequency beam-scanning range 40° in 57–71 GHz band, which is experimentally elucidated. The array prototypes are fabricated and measured. The measured and simulated results show reasonably good agreement, thus validating the performance of the proposed antenna array for 60 GHz mmWave ISM band applications.  The proposed wideband antenna array is a suitable candidate for numerous emerging mmWave industrial wireless applications in context of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, as well as 60 GHz FMCW radars. The array is compatible to work with various 60 GHz physical layer protocols such as IEEE 802.11ay, IEEE 802.11ad, IEEE 802.15.3c, WirelessHD, and ECMA-387 as well as other customized industrial protocols such as WirelessHP.

Sixth generation (6G) internet of things (IoT) networks will modernize the applications and satisfy user demands through implementing smart and automated systems. Intelligence-based infrastructure, also called reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), have been introduced as a potential technology striving to improve system performance in terms of data rate, latency, reliability, availability, and connectivity. A huge amount of cost-effective passive components are included in RISs to interact with the impinging electromagnetic waves in a smart way. However, there are still some challenges in RIS system, such as finding the optimal configurations for a large number of RIS components. In this paper, we first provide a complete outline of the advancement of RISs along with machine learning (ML) algorithms and overview the working regulations as well as spectrum allocation in intelligent IoT systems. Also, we discuss the integration of different ML techniques in the context of RIS, including deep reinforcement learning (DRL), federated learning (FL), and FL-deep deterministic policy gradient (FL-DDPG) techniques which are utilized to design the radio propagation atmosphere without using pilot signals or channel state information (CSI). Additionally, in dynamic intelligent IoT networks, the application of existing integrated ML solutions to technical issues like user movement and random variations of wireless channels are surveyed. Finally, we present the main challenges and future directions in integrating RISs and other prominent methods to be applied in upcoming IoT networks.

Can the smart radio environment paradigm measurably enhance the performance of contemporary urban macrocells? In this study, we explore the impact of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) on a real-world sub-6 GHz MIMO channel. A rooftop-mounted macrocell antenna has been adapted to enable frequency domain channel measurements to be ascertained. A nature-inspired beam search algorithm has been employed to maximize channel gain at user positions, revealing a potential 50% increase in channel capacity in certain circumstances. Analysis reveals, however, that the spatial characteristics of the channel can be adversely affected through the introduction of a RIS in these settings. The RIS prototype schematics, Gerber files, and source code have been made available to aid in future experimental efforts of the wireless research community.

Sign language is a mean of communication between the deaf community and hearing people, who use hand gestures, facial expressions, and body language to communicate. It has the same level of complexity as spoken language, but it does not employ the same sentence structure as English. The motions in sign language are made up of a range of distinct hand and finger articulations that are occasionally synchronized with the head, face, and body. Existing sign language recognition systems are mainly camera-based, which have fundamental limitations of poor lighting conditions, potential training challenges with longer video sequence data, and serious privacy concerns. This study presents a contact-less and privacy-preserving British sign language (BSL) Recognition system using Radar and deep learning algorithms, namely Inceptionv3, VGG16, and VGG19. The six most common emotions are considered, namely confused, depressed, happy, hate, lonely, and sad. The collected data is represented in the form of spectrograms. The deep learning models, InceptionV3, VGG19, and VGG16 then extract spatiotemporal features from the Spectrogram. Finally, the BSL emotions are accurately identified by classifying the Spectrograms, into the considered emotions signs. The simulation results demonstrate that a maximum classifying accuracy of 93.33% is obtained using VGG16.