This paper introduces a semantic communications architecture that is focused on the transmission of american sign language (ASL). Initially, a novel system model for image-based semantic communications is presented, which utilizes a variant of the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme, named 24-QAM. This modulation scheme is derived from the original 32-QAM constellation by removing 8 peripheral symbols and is proven capable of attaining superior error performance in ASL applications. Additionally, a semantic encoder based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) which effectively utilizes the ASL alphabet is presented. An original dataset is created by superimposing redgreen- blue landmarks and key-points on top of the captured images; hence, enhancing the representation of hand posture. Finally, the training, testing, and communication performance of the proposed system is quantified through numerical results that highlight the achievable gains and trigger insightful discussions.

When fully implemented, sixth generation (6G) wireless systems will constitute intelligent wireless networks that enable not only ubiquitous communication but also high-accuracy localization services. They will be the driving force behind this transformation by introducing a new set of characteristics and service capabilities in which location will coexist with communication while sharing available resources. To that purpose, this survey investigates the envisioned applications and use cases of localization in future 6G wireless systems, while analyzing the impact of the major technology enablers. Afterwards, system models for millimeter wave, terahertz and visible light positioning that take into account both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS channels are presented, while localization key performance indicators are revisited alongside mathematical definitions. Moreover, a detailed review of the state of the art conventional and learningbased localization techniques is conducted. Furthermore, the localization problem is formulated, the wireless system design is considered and the optimization of both is investigated. Finally, insights that arise from the presented analysis are summarized and used to highlight the most important future directions for localization in 6G wireless systems.