Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have been attracting the interest of both technical and non-technical parties, including collectors and traders, among others. The number of transactions in NFTs surpassed $50 billion in 2022. Blockchain technology’s advantages as a distributed, immutable, and transparent database make it ideal for verifying the ownership of digital goods created by their producers. On the other hand, high computation and transaction costs are known disadvantages of public blockchain networks like Ethereum V1, used in NFT marketplaces. To address these inefficiencies, other public blockchain systems have emerged as replacements for NFT marketplaces, each with its own unique properties. When planning such an NFT exchange, it is vital, but not trivial, to select the most appropriate public blockchain platform. In this work, we make two contributions to support this decision. In this paper, we present IntelliChain, a self-adaptive framework that can predict the best optimal transaction fees (also known as a gas fee) for blockchain to reduce the errors and also an ability to switch the public blockchain-based dynamic needs such as transaction fees and stability of the network.

Blockchain technology has gained momentum due to its immutability and transparency. Several blockchain platforms, each with different consensus protocols, have been proposed. However, choosing and configuring such a platform is a non-trivial task. Numerous benchmarking tools have been introduced to test the performance of blockchain solutions. Yet, these tools are often limited to specific blockchain platforms or require complex configurations. Moreover, they tend to focus on one-off batch evaluation models, which may not be ideal for longer-running instances under continuous workloads. In this work, we present BlockCompass, an all-inclusive blockchain benchmarking tool that can be easily configured and extended. We demonstrate how BlockCompass can evaluate the performance of various blockchain platforms and configurations, including Ethereum Proof-of-Authority, Ethereum Proof-of-Work, Hyperledger Fabric Raft, Hyperledger Sawtooth with Proof-of-Elapsed-Time, Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, and Raft consensus algorithms, against workloads that continuously fluctuate over time. We show how continuous transactional workloads may be more appropriate than batch workloads in capturing certain stressful events for the system. Finally, we present the results of a usability study about the convenience and effectiveness offered by BlockCompass in blockchain benchmarking.