Mixed-precision quantization (MPQ) is gaining momentum in academia and industry as a way to improve the trade-off between accuracy and latency of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in edge applications. MPQ requires dedicated hardware to support different bit-widths. One approach uses Precision-Scalable MAC units (PSMACs) based on multipliers operating in Sum-Together (ST) mode. These can be configured to compute N = 1, 2, 4 multiplications/dot-products in parallel with operands at 16/N bits. We contribute to the State of the Art (SoA) in three directions: we compare for the first time the SoA ST multipliers architectures in performance, power and area; compared to previous work, we contribute to the portfolio of STbased accelerators proposing three designs for the most common DNN algorithms: 2D-Convolution, Depth-wise Convolution and Fully-Connected; we show how these accelerators can be obtained with a High-Level Synthesis (HLS) flow. In particular, we perform a design-space exploration (DSE) in area, latency, power, varying many knobs, including PSMAC units parallelism, clock frequency and ST multipliers type. From the DSE on a 28-nm technology we observe that both at multiplier level and at accelerator level there is no one-fits-all solution for each possible scenario. Our findings allow accelerators' designers to choose, out of a rich variety, the best combination of ST multiplier and HLS knobs depending on the target, either high performance, low area, or low power.

The demand for edge machine learning (ML) in Internet of Things (IoT) applications has driven interest in Microcontroller Unit (MCU)-based TinyML solutions, especially with the rise of the RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture. While MCUs are power-efficient, their limited resources challenge the deployment of complex ML models. Mixed-Precision Quantization (MPQ) can achieve the best trade-off between model size, energy consumption and accuracy, by using different precision across model layers. However, MCU-class processors often lack hardware support for MPQ. We present an end-to-end flow from training to hardware deployment designed to efficiently run Mixed-Precision Quantized Neural Networks (MP-QNNs) on MCU-class processors. Central to our approach is STAR-MAC, a precision-scalable Multiply-and-Accumulate unit that supports flexible MPQ operations on 16-, 8-, and 4-bit integer data. STAR-MAC combines two subword-parallel techniques, Sum-Together and Sum-Apart, in a unified multiplier architecture that effectively reconfigures for Fully-Connected, 2D Convolution, and Depth-wise layers. We integrate STAR-MAC into the low-power RISC-V Ibex core and validate our flow using an FPGA-based System-on-Chip setup. Inference results on MLPerf Tiny MP-QNN models using our modified TensorFlow Lite for Microcontrollers (TFLM) deployment flow show a 68% latency reduction with little to no accuracy drop against their 8-bit counterparts using the standard TFLM runtime. Synthesis on a 28-nm CMOS technology indicates limited area and power overhead over the original Ibex. We open-source our framework to foster MP-QNN deployment on MCU-class RISC-V processors for low-power and low-latency IoT data processing.

The presence of foreign bodies in packaged food is a serious concern for both final consumers (allergies, injuries, choking) and food manufacturers (reputation and economic losses). In particular, low-density plastics, glass and wood splinters are hard to detect even by the most advanced X-ray imagers. One solution is Machine-Learning-based Microwave Sensing (MLMWS): a non-invasive, contactless, and real-time method which uses a machine-learning (ML) classifier to analyze the scattered microwaves from the irradiated target object. In this paper, we want to extend our previous work about contaminant detection in cocoa-hazelnut spread jars by proposing an enhanced ML flow to increase the accuracy of the ML classifier. For the first time in this case study, we use a multi-class classifier, we train it with scattering parameters measured at multiple microwave frequencies, with a new pre-processing scaler, data augmentation, quantization-aware training and a pruning schedule. The results show a contaminant detection multi-class accuracy of 94.167% with a latency of 26 µs when targeting an AMD/Xilinx Kria K26 FPGA. Finally, we released our datasets publicly to OpenML.1

In Deep Neural Networks (DNN), the depth-wise separable convolution has often replaced the standard 2D convolution having much fewer parameters and operations. Another common technique to squeeze DNNs is heterogeneous quantization, which uses a different bitwidth for each layer. In this context we propose for the first time a novel Reconfigurable Depth-wise convolution Module (RDM), which uses multipliers that can be reconfigured to support 1, 2 or 4 operations at the same time at increasingly lower precision of the operands. We leveraged High Level Synthesis to produce five RDM variants with different channels parallelism to cover a wide range of DNNs. The comparisons with a nonconfigurable Standard Depth-wise convolution module (SDM) on a CMOS FDSOI 28-nm technology show a significant latency reduction for a given silicon area for the low-precision configurations.