Abstract
The increasing amounts of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (EOL LIBs)
require novel and safe solutions allowing for the minimisation of the
health and environmental hazards. Arguably, the best approach to the
problem of EOL LIBs is recycling and recovery of the metals contained
within the cells. This allows the diversion of the EOL battery cells
from the environment but also the recovery of precious metals that can
be reused in the manufacturing of new products, allowing to reduce the
requirements of virgin materials from the mining industry. The most
significant hindrance to the recycling process of EOL LIBs is their
unstable chemical nature and significant safety hazards related to
opening the air-tight casings. To minimise these issues, the end-of-life
cells must be stabilised in one of the few available ways. This review
aims at a comprehensive presentation of the studied chemical methods of
EOL LIB cells discharge and stabilisation. The advantages and
disadvantages of the method and its variations are discussed based on
the literature published to date. The literature review found that a
significant number of authors make use of chemical stabilisation
techniques without proper comprehension of the associated risks. Many
authors focus solely on the cheapest and fastest way to stop a cell from
producing an electrical charge without extra thought given to the
downstream recycling processes of safety hazards related to the proposed
stabilisation method. Only a few studies highlighted the risks and
problems associated with chemical stabilisation techniques.