This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with suicide attempts among college students, placing a particular emphasis on the roles played by psychological disorders (PDs) and social support. Utilizing a randomly selected sample of 5,617 students from a university in Southwest China, binary logistic regression was employed to analyze the data. The results indicated that being female, experiencing poor family relationships, and having a history of being left behind significantly increased the risk of suicide attempts. Additionally, the study uncovered a high comorbidity between PDs and suicide attempts. However, it was also found that social support serves as a vital protective factor against suicide. Consequently, the research suggests that early identification of PDs could be crucial in pinpointing students at heightened risk of attempting suicide. It underscores the significance of schools intensifying their prevention strategies by bolstering the social support network available to students.