Climate change calls for adaptive strategies to manage landscapes across governance levels, as differing policy frameworks distinctly shape landscape patterns and long-term ecosystem resilience. This study presents a novel adaptive framework that integrates planning objectives, landscape patterns, and ecosystem resilience through iterative feedback loops. The framework aims to achieve the desired scenario, SUS-RES, which balances sustainable planning objectives across national, provincial, and local levels while maintaining ecosystem resilience in a changing climate. The framework was applied to the Huangshui River Basin on China’s Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a region facing significant challenges from climate change and human activities. By integrating the CLUMondo and LPJ-GUESS models, we compared SUS-RES with scenarios focusing on national (NAT), provincial (PRO), and local (LOC) governance priorities. The analysis revealed considerable mismatches in management goals across governance levels within the same socio-ecological system, emphasizing the necessity of cross-scale coordination to align planning objectives with ecosystem resilience. This study offers a practical framework for adaptive governance under global climate change, providing valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of resilience, sustainability, and governance authority in socio-ecological systems during the Anthropocene.