The pollen morphology of 13 Euphorbiaceae species and one Phyllanthaceae species native to forest fragments of Cerrado was investigated to contribute to expanding the morphological knowledge and characterizing species for the conservation of degraded areas. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, and photographed using light microscopy (LM). To obtain more details of exine ornamentation, non-acetolyzed pollen grains of some species were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The qualitative data were described, a pollen key was presented, and descriptive and multivariate statistics analyzed the quantitative data. The pollen grains of Euphorbiaceae differ in polarity, size, amb, shape, number, and type of apertures (inaperturate, 3-colporate, 4-porate, or pantoporate), type of endoapertures (circular, lalongate, lolongate or endocingulate) and exine ornamentation (psilate, microreticulate, reticulate, or with Croton-pattern). Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl. (Phyllanthaceae) presents pollen grains in monads, isopolar, medium, circular amb, oblate spheroidal, 3-diploporate, and exine pilate. The number and type of apertures, the morphology of the endoapertures, and the ornamentation of the exine were the essential data for distinguishing the studied species, in addition to the diameter measurements and the variations in the thickness of the exine layers being quantitative characters that characterize the analyzed taxa.