Through the lens of preclinical research on substance use disorders (SUD), I propose a reflection aimed at reevaluating animal models in neuroscience, with a focus on ecological relevance. While rodent models have provided valuable insights into the neurobiology of SUD, the field currently faces a validation crisis, with findings often failing to translate into effective human treatments. Originally designed to address the lack of reproducibility in animal studies, the current global gold standard of rigorous standardization has led to increasingly controlled environments. This growing disconnection between laboratory settings and real-world scenarios exacerbates the validation crisis. Rodent models have also revealed various environmental influences on drug use and its neural mechanisms, highlighting parallels with human behavior and underscoring the importance of ecological relevance in behavioral research. Drawing inspiration from inquiries in ethology and evolutionary biology, I advocate for incorporating greater environmental complexity into animal models. In line with this idea, the neuroethological approach involves studying spontaneous behaviors in semi-natural habitats while utilizing advanced technologies to monitor neural activity. Although this framework offers new insights into human neuroscience, it does not adequately capture the complex human conditions that lead to neuropsychiatric diseases. Therefore, preclinical research should prioritize understanding the environmental factors that shape human behavior and neural architecture, integrating these insights into animal models. By emphasizing ecological relevance, we can achieve deeper insights into neuropsychiatric disorders and develop more effective treatment strategies. This approach highlights significant benefits for both scientific inquiry and ethical considerations.

Ecologists increasingly use complex models to predict and understand ecological systems and their responses to external drivers or anthropogenic pressures. A persistent challenge in this context is quantifying and reducing uncertainty in model inputs, parameters and structure, and understanding their implications for model predictions. Three major methodological fields have emerged in this context: sensitivity analysis, uncertainty analysis and model calibration. These three methods are a integral part of any modelling or forecasting process, but the corresponding literature is often scattered, and distinct terminology and definitions are used in different methodological and scientific contexts. Here, we review and connect these three fields and discuss best practices for their practical implementation with a focus on complex ecological models. We classify relevant types of uncertainty, discuss the complementary roles of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, give an overview of available calibration methods, and emphasise the importance of effective communication of uncertainty. We conclude that using state-of-the-art methods for understanding model behaviour as well as consistently accounting for all uncertainties is essential for correctly understanding model predictions and thus forms the basis for a responsible use of models in ecological decision making.

The ripple-based constant on-time (RBCOT) buck converter with small equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor has the potential issue of instability. The conventional fixed-ramp and adaptive-ramp ripple compensation cannot keep the system stable under different operational parameters (inductor, output capacitor, input voltage, output voltage and on time). In this paper, a fully adaptive-ramp ripple compensation technique is proposed which is based on the finding that there is an inherent proportional relationship between the slope of the critical stability compensation and the slope of the output voltage at the beginning of on-time. This technique makes the converter has robust adaptability and portability. A simple analog circuitry, which can be easily integrated into an integrated circuit, is provided to implement this technique. Experimental results are provided to verify the proposed concept.

EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS WITH AN ABNORMALLY SIZED NASAL POLYPOSIS IN A 24-YEAR OLD MALE FROM NEPAL: A CASE REPORT

Background: Although various biomarkers exist for chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), their use is limited, particularly in children. Periostin is produced by dermal cells during skin barrier damage and allergic inflammation. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare serum periostin levels (SPL) between children with CSU and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). The secondary objective was to investigate the association between SPL and disease severity using the Urticaria Activity Score-7 (UAS-7) questionnaire. Results: Overall, 84 participants (CSU, 45; HC, 39) were included in the study. There was no significant correlation between SPL and UAS-7 scores of the patients. Patients receiving leukotriene receptor antagonist plus antihistaminic had significantly lower SPL than those receiving antihistaminic only (44.32 ± 20.18 vs. 61.33 ± 18.50; p=0.009). The mean SPL was significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group (56.41 ± 20.32 ng/mL vs. 71.68 ± 20.36 ng/mL; p=0.001; Cohen’s d=0.750) (aOR: 0.964, 95% C.I.: 0.942-0.987, p=0.002). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of the SPL was determined to be significant ( p = 0.001), and the area under curve (AUC) of the ROC curve was 0.705 (95% C.I.: 0.593–0.817). Conclusion: Our study is the first to measure SPL in children with CSU. The results indicated that children with CSU had significantly lower SPL than the healthy controls. Although no correlation was found between UAS-7 and SPL, those on more advanced treatments showed significantly lower SPL. Hence, SPL may serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring CSU in children.

Title Page:Article Type: Letter to the EditorTitle: Anaphylaxis to a blood feeding leechAuthors: Carmen H. Li MSc1,2*, Maggie Jiang MD3*, Gabriele Gadermaier PhD4, Sebastian Kvist PhD5,6,7 Julia E. M. Upton MD8,9, Xiaojun Yin PhD1, Jennifer A. Hoang MSc MDS1,10, Mikhail Monteiro BSc1, Lisa Hung PhD1,10, Akash Kothari MSc1,2, Theo J. Moraes MD PhD1,9, Peter Vadas MD PhD3,10**, Thomas Eiwegger MD1,10,11,12***Co-first author**Co-senior author(1) Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada(2) Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada(3) Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St. Michael’s Hospital(4) Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria(5) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada(6) Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada(7) Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden(8) Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Hospital for Sick Children(9) Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada(10) Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada(11) Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria(12) Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, AustriaCorrespondence:  Thomas Eiwegger, MDChair, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital St. PöltenDunant-Platz 1, 3100 St. Pölten, AustriaEmail: [email protected].: +43 2742-9004-11740

The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is a key eco-environmental protection barrier and economic engine in China. Understanding the characteristics of its eco-environmental spatiotemporal evolution and mechanisms driving these changes is important for revealing shifts in ecosystem structure and function. However, the governing elements of the ecological environment and how these components interact remain unclear due to the strong coupling impact of urbanization and climate change. This paper constructed a long-term series remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI) to evaluate the characteristics of eco-environmental variation of YREB since 2000. Subsequently, the fundamental reasons of the eco-environmental evolution were quantitatively analyzed using optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD). Results indicated: 1) The average RSEI of YREB was 0.68, indicating a rather high overall eco-environmental quality (EEQ), with 73% of the region having RSEI values more than 0.60. The regions with excellent conditions were concentrated in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guizhou, and Hunan, while the poorer areas were in northwestern Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan, and western Hubei. 2) The EEQ of YREB mainly showed a degradation trend, with degraded areas exceeding 80% over the past 25 years. In the future, most areas might face higher risks of ecological degradation. 3) DEM, temperature (Tem), and population (POP) were key driving factors of the ecological environment. There were significant interactions between certain factors, with the interaction between DEM and potential evapotranspiration (Pet) explaining 62.2% of the ecological quality distribution. The findings assisted the creation of an ecological civilization by offering policy proposals for managing and conserving ecological environments.

Hardware-in-loop can be used to verify the effectiveness of simulations conducted in computer. This work proposes a Control scheme for the wind turbine model employing a permanent magnet synchronous generator. A Linear Feedback Controller(LFC) is applied to the non-linear plant with full-state feedback. Then, a reduced order Luenberger Observer(LO) was designed to estimate the states of the plant. The system and the controller model were simulated in MATLAB Simulink and tested in real-time environment using Hardware-in-the-Loop Opal-RT. The results obtained prove the performance of the proposed control scheme.

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to unprecedented restrictions on movement potentially affecting daily physical activity levels, raising concerns about possible negative health outcomes associated with physical inactivity. This study aimed to assess physical activity levels among adults in Kuwait during the COVID-19 pandemic. 679 adults residing in Kuwait completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ) online between June and July of 2020. Participants were recruited via social media. Results indicated that within the sample, 28.9% were classified as highly active, 35.8% as moderately active, and 35.3% as having low physical activity levels. No significant differences in physical activity levels were observed between genders (P=0.460); however, physical activity levels were significantly associated with age (P=0.022), physical activity levels were reduced with increasing age. These findings suggest the necessity of promotion of physical activity during pandemics, particularly for adults over the age of 45.

Introduction:Reconstructing nasal defects poses a challenge to even the most experienced plastic or skin surgeons, since the smallest change in the contouring or the symmetry of the nose is easily recognizable in daily life. Nasal defects are usually effective on the patient’s confidence due to their considerable effect on the mid-face region’s aesthetics (1, 2).These Nasal defects commonly arise from the removal of skin lesions such as cancers. Another cause of these defects may be facial traumas. Putting the etiology aside, the reconstruction of nasal defects poses a cosmetic challenge for surgeons. The reconstruction of distal nasal defects is particularly challenging due to limited skin mobility and the possibility of nasal Alar retraction (2).While there is usually not enough tissue for the reconstruction of the nasal skin and cartilage, the use of nearby skin and cartilage, such as forehead flaps or earlobe helix cartilage grafts, is common. A range of techniques can be employed, including full-thickness skin grafts, composite grafts, rhomboid flaps, bilobed flaps, dorsal nasal flaps, island flaps, and inferiorly based melolabial flaps, which are used according to the characteristics of the case such as defect size, cause of the defect and other factors (3-10).The ongoing and uninterrupted advancement and improvement in the field of surgical techniques, which involves the various procedures and methods used in the operating room, has resulted in the establishment and availability of a diverse and extensive range of different midfacial regional flaps. These flaps, characterized by their specific anatomical locations and the purpose they serve in reconstructive surgery, are closely associated and interconnected with the highly efficient and complex network of blood vessels that supply and nourish the facial region (6).In this paper, we report two cases of full-thickness Alar defects of the nose following the extraction of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) lesions. A modified version of the paramedial composite graft was used for this patient and the result has been clinically and aesthetically impressive.

This paper introduces a novel approach for designing optimal control using data-driven Stochastic Game Theoretic Differential Dynamic Programming (SGT-DDP). The proposed method addresses unknown stochastic systems by approximating both drift and diffusion dynamics. The drift dynamics is estimated via Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) using input-output data. The diffusion dynamics is approximated from the noise data, which is extracted through subtracting the noisy output from the smoothed output. Subsequently, the binning method is combined with GPR to obtain the approximate model of the diffusion dynamics. These approximations are integrated into the SGT-DDP framework to compute optimal control policies. Simulations on benchmark nonlinear systems under unknown dynamics demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

Billiards is a sports of a high entry barrier. According to field observations, it is difficult for novice players to learn and practice billiards techniques independently, for they struggle to imagine ball collision states and consequently find it challenging to perceive aiming directions. For this, we propose a holographic billiards learning assistance system based on Hololens 2. The system calculates shot selection and cue ball control strategies, displays the aiming position as a holographic ball in the user’s field of view, and presents cue ball control strategies. The implementation process consists of three steps: using a YOLO1 model to detect and locate billiard balls in images captured by loacatable camera, reconstructing the distribution of all balls on the table based on camera positioning data; calculating the optimal shot selection and aiming position, and inputting the table distribution into a pre-trained FCNN, which computes the optimal cue ball control strategy for the current moment; locating holographic balls at calculated aiming points to overlay with reality, and displaying cue ball control strategies. We conducted experiments with seven participants on a real billiard table and statistically validated that the system effectively guides players in aiming and executing proper cue ball control operations.

Abstract Our principal was to demonstrate the convergence of the trigeminal ganglion population from the transversal meningeal sinus and the infraorbital nerve. Recent data suggest that some trigeminal ganglion cells simultaneously send neuronal projections to craniofacial structures via the V1 and V2 trigeminal branches; however, no conclusive evidence exists. Hence, immunohistological assays using retrograde neural tracers injected at the V1 (meningeal dura mater at the transverse sinus level; true-blue, (TB) and V2 (infraorbital nerve; fluoro-gold, (FG) branches were performed to test the hypothesis regarding the convergence of different trigeminal branches to one trigeminal ganglion cell. Besides, bifurcated labeled sensory trigeminal nerves were quantified in adult (60 days old) and young rats (30 days old). The correlation between oxytocin receptor (OTR), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and IB4 was analyzed. Cells were labeled concomitantly with FG and TB neuro tracers at the trigeminal ganglion. Interestingly, young animals showed more labeled cells than did adult rats. Triple-labeled neurons (i.e., CGRP/FG/TB and OTR/FG/TB) were found in trigeminal ganglion cells, implying that CGRPergic fibers can be modulated by OTR activation in meningeal or infraorbital nerve fibers. These data support the contention that bifurcated trigeminal ganglion cells simultaneously run via two trigeminal branches (V1 and V2). Finally, the significant decrease in labeled ganglionic cells at 60 days compared to rats 30 days old needs to be followed to understand the developmental process of the orofacial system.

Title: Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma: A Rare Case Presenting as Acute Abdominal PainR Subedi1, N Khanal1, N Shrestha1, A Mandal1, P Sapkota1, A Khadka1, R Tamang21. Department of General SurgeryHetauda HospitalMadan Bhandari Academy of Health Sciences2. Department of Cardiac SurgeryRoyal Brompton HospitalGuy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust

1 INTRODUCTIONInfantile myofibroma is a rare benign tumor of myofibroblasts, primarily affecting infants under the age of two, with a notable prevalence in newborns (54%)1. These tumors typically manifest in the head and neck region, presenting a wide clinical spectrum ranging from spontaneous regression to severe complications, including multi-organ involvement and mortality. Due to its diverse clinical presentation, infantile myofibroma is often misdiagnosed. The tumors are most frequently located in the scalp, forehead, parotid region, and oral cavity.Infantile myofibromas are classified into solitary and multicentric forms, with solitary lesions accounting for approximately 74% of cases. Solitary myofibromas predominantly occur in the skin, muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and bone, gastrointestinal and laryngeal involvement is rare while orbital involvement is uncommon. The histological characteristics of orbital myofibroma typically include tumor cells composed of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which grow in an infiltrative manner2.This case report discusses a solitary orbital myofibroma found in a 3-year-old child. Initially, the clinical signs, imaging studies, and frozen section suggested a diagnosis of an orbital nerve sheath tumor. However, subsequent immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the correct diagnosis was indeed infantile solitary orbital myofibroma.2 CASE HISTORY/EXAMINATIONWe present a case of a 3-year-old male patient who presented with progressive swelling of the left lower eyelid over the past month. The child reported no redness, pain, diplopia, or ocular motility disturbances, and there was no significant family or past medical history.Ocular examination revealed visual acuity of 0.5 in the right eye and 0.6 in the left eye. There was noticeable swelling in the right facial area and lower eyelid, with a palpable, firm mass that was mobile and non-tender. The position of both eyes was normal, and ocular motility was intact. Anterior segment examination and fundoscopy showed no abnormalities.Ultrasound examination (Figure 1) indicated a mass in the anterior wall of the right maxillary sinus, raising the suspicion of a neurogenic tumor. A coronal CT scan of the paranasal sinuses (Figure 2) revealed a mass in the area of the right maxillary sinus anterior wall, with differential diagnoses including an infraorbital nerve sheath tumor or a hemangioma. An enhanced orbital MRI (Figure 3) confirmed the presence of a mass in the same region, suggesting a neurogenic tumor, most likely a nerve sheath tumor.3 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, INVESTIGATIONS, AND TREATMENTBased on the clinical findings and imaging results, with no history of ocular trauma or surgery, the patient was tentatively diagnosed with a right-sided orbital nerve sheath tumor, and preparations for surgical intervention were initiated. Pre-operative evaluations were conducted to exclude any contraindications for surgery.The patient underwent an extensive excision of the orbital mass via a transcutaneous approach to the right lower eyelid under general anesthesia, along with an artificial bone grafting procedure. Intraoperative frozen section analysis (Figure 4、Figure 5a) identified the mass as a spindle cell tumor, primarily considering a nerve sheath tumor, with definitive diagnosis pending routine histological and immunohistochemical evaluation.4 OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UPPostoperatively, immunohistochemical analysis revealing positive staining for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and calponin, confirming the diagnosis of infantile solitary orbital myofibroma not orbital nerve sheath tumor(Figure 5b).Fortunately,the child recovered well, and at the one-month follow-up, he reported no ocular discomfort, with no signs of systemic or visceral involvement.5 DISCUSSIONDifferentiating infantile solitary orbital myofibroma from orbital nerve sheath tumor can be particularly challenging, as both tumors share several clinical, radiological, and histopathological similarities, making misdiagnosis possible without thorough examination.In our case, we reported a 3-year-old child who presented with right lower eyelid swelling for one month. Initial imaging studies, including ocular ultrasound, orbital CT, and MRI, strongly suggested a diagnosis of nerve sheath tumor. Subsequent surgical treatment and intraoperative frozen section pathology also supported this, identifying the lesion as a spindle cell tumor, most likely a nerve sheath tumor. However, final confirmation came after immunohistochemical analysis, which showed positivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and calponin, leading to the accurate diagnosis of infantile orbital myofibroma.The misdiagnosis in this case initially arose due to the overlapping clinical features and imaging characteristics between myofibroma and nerve sheath tumors. Both are spindle cell tumors commonly found in the orbit, and both can present with painless proptosis. Patients with either tumor may seek medical attention due to symptoms such as eyelid swelling, proptosis, or vision disturbances. Orbital masses from either tumor type can cause ocular motility restrictions and share similar imaging appearances on ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Both can appear as well-defined intraorbital masses with clear borders. On imaging, the masses may be oval, round, or irregular in shape, sometimes showing heterogeneous internal echo or signal intensity, which may reflect cystic degeneration or necrosis within the tumor3.However, there are subtle but important differences. Nerve sheath tumors are often located along the path of the nerves and can present with characteristic features such as a ”dumbbell shape” or the presence of a small “tail” sign on imaging, reflecting the involvement of a nerve pathway4. In contrast, myofibromas may have a different distribution in the orbit. On MRI, nerve sheath tumors tend to have more uniform signal intensities, while myofibromas may show mixed signals due to their fibrous and myofibroblastic components.Despite these imaging clues, definitive diagnosis relies heavily on histopathology and immunohistochemical studies. In this case, the key to differentiation was the immunohistochemical markers. The positive staining for SMA and calponin in our patient’s tumor confirmed the diagnosis of infantile myofibroma, as these markers are characteristic of myofibroblastic tumors. Nerve sheath tumors, on the other hand, typically show S-100 protein positivity, which was not observed in this case.Regarding treatment, surgical excision remains the primary therapeutic approach for infantile myofibroma. Given that the tumor may adhere tightly to surrounding tissues, special care must be taken during surgery to preserve critical orbital structures. In our case, the excision was performed successfully, and the patient had an uneventful recovery with no post-operative complications.6 CONCLUSIONInfantile solitary orbital myofibroma is a rare benign soft tissue tumor that typically occurs in the head and neck region of infants. When it presents in the orbit, it can lead to symptoms such as proptosis and restricted ocular motility, impacting the patient’s appearance and vision5. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in differentiating infantile solitary orbital myofibroma from an orbital nerve sheath tumor due to their overlapping clinical and imaging features. Although initial signs, imaging, and frozen section pathology suggested a nerve sheath tumor, immunohistochemistry was essential for the correct diagnosis of myofibroma. Careful attention to histopathological details and immunohistochemical markers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Surgical excision remains the mainstay of treatment, with a favorable outcome as demonstrated in this case.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSLigang Jiang: writing – original draft; writing – review and editing.Wencan Wu: writing – review and editing;Conceptualization.Fangzheng Jiang :project administration;supervisionFUNDING INFORMATIONThis study was supported by funding from Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Zhejiang Provincial Basic Public Welfare Project,LGF22H120017）CONSENTWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this report in accordance with the journal’s patient consent policy.CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENTThere is no conflict of interest.

Title : Supporting social justice through equity-based actions for a sustainable future in animal genetics (at the 39th International Society for Animal Genetics Conference)Running title : Equity in Action by ISAGAuthors : S. Paez1*, Ntanganedzeni Olivia Mapholi2, Lucky Tendani Nesengani2, Susan J. Lamont3, Sammy E. Aggrey5, Olivier Hanotte6,7, Cynthia D. K. Bottema8, Clare A. Gill2,91Neurobiology of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, USA2College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa3Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA5Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA6International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Gurd Shola, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia7The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG 7 2 RD, United Kingdom8School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy SA 5371, Australia9Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA*Corresponding author:Phone: + 1 407-312-4849Email: [email protected] :The 39th International Society for Animal Genetics conference (ISAG) was held for the first time in Africa under the theme “Animal genetics for a sustainable future ” in 2023. The conference convened scientists, policy makers, industry professionals, and students from interdisciplinary fields to share and discuss the latest developments in the space of animal genetics. Since its inception as a society, ISAG has sought to provide a platform advocating for a just and equitable future in animal genetics. At the 39th conference, this commitment towards furthering inclusion in animal genetic science was progressed with two new offerings to attendees. The first session guided discussions on the political, ethical, legal, socioeconomic, and cultural dynamics that present barriers for participating in and benefitting from the genomic and genetic science fraternity. This session also included principles of social justice, specifically equity, diversity, and inclusion, towards enacting fairness in an unfair world, and focused on constraints related to sustainability in animal genetics. The second session used the important tradition of storytelling to transfer knowledge and wisdom from experienced scientists to upcoming researchers. Experienced scientists shared lived experiences on educational and career paths, challenges, and opportunities, providing networking and opportunities for further mentoring. Here, we report on these equity-based actions and their relevance to address the urgent continent-specific and global disparities in animal genetics to move towards a sustainable future.Keywords : inclusion, diversity, equity, agriculture, animal genetics, storytelling, networking, mentoring

The article discusses the main advancements and discoveries regarding the application of graphene (Gr) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in batteries and supercapacitors, highlighting how these materials have revolutionized the field of energy storage. The main findings of the work include the confirmation that graphene and GQDs significantly improve the efficiency, storage capacity, and stability of energy devices. The study found that GQDs and supercapacitors made of graphene can achieve amazing capacitances, like 566 F/g, and keep up to 95% of their capacity after 2,000 charge and discharge cycles. In lithium-ion batteries, the incorporation of these nanomaterials has resulted in capacities of up to 2,882 mAh/g, demonstrating a substantial improvement in energy density and battery lifespan. The study also identified the most effective synthesis methods, such as chemical oxidation and hydrothermal processes, and optimized them to produce high-quality graphene and GQDs, thereby directly impacting the devices’ performance. The study also revealed that the integration of graphene and GQDs is driving the exponential growth of the supercapacitor and battery market, projected to reach values of up to 12.37 billion dollars and 500.5 billion dollars, respectively, by 2032. The article concludes that these materials play a fundamental role in the evolution of energy storage technologies, with the potential to shape the future of energy sustainability and technological innovation.

Microscopic properties of a Pu-Fe mixed oxide (MOX) are investigated by means of single-particle approximations and a many-body theory. Calculation results demonstrate that Pu 5 fj =5/2, 5 fj =7/2 components display conducting and insulating states, respectively. While for Fe 3 d electrons, eg and t 2 g components both exhibit the conducting state. Intermediate and weak correlations emerge for Pu 5 fj =5/2, 5 fj =7/2 regimes, respectively, while Fe 3 d eg and t 2 g states both exhibit the strong correlation. Fe 3 d/Pu 5 f quasiparticle weights suggest that PuFeO 3 has an orbital-dependent localization. jj and intermediate angular momentum coupling mechanisms are feasible for 5 f (Pu) and 3 d (Fe) states, respectively. 5 fn configuration coupling produces an intermediate configuration (thus Pu having a mixed oxidation state), inducing quasiparticle multiplets. The quasiparticle band structure agrees with the spectra features inferred from the density of state. The relative lattice volume has no proportional or opposite trend with evolution of Pu 5 f&Fe 3 d occupancies. Duality of the electron localization, electron/valence/configuration fluctuation and intermediate configuration/valence/occupancy show that multi-scale features of the correlated materials could be modulated by means of various working conditions.