Teleost fishes are a highly diverse and ecologically essential group of aquatic vertebrates and include coho salmon, Onchorhynchus kisutch. Coho are semelparous and all ovarian follicles develop synchronously. Owing to their ubiquitous distribution, teleost provide critical sources of food worldwide through subsistence, commercial fisheries, and aquaculture. Enhancement of commercial hatchery practices requires a detailed knowledge of teleost reproductive physiology. Despite decades of research on teleost reproductive processes, an in-depth proteome of teleost ovarian development has yet to be generated. We describe a coho salmon ovarian proteome of over 5700 proteins, generated with data independent acquisition, revealing the suite of detectable proteins that change through the transition from primary to secondary ovarian follicle development. This transition is critical for puberty onset, egg quality, and further embryonic development. Primary ovarian follicle development was marked by differential abundances of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, protein turnover, and the complement pathway, suggesting elevated metabolism as the oocytes enter maturation. The greatest proteomic shift occurred during the transition from primary to secondary follicle growth, with increased abundance of proteins underlying cortical alveoli formation, extracellular matrix reorganization, iron binding, and cell-cell signaling. This work provides a foundation for identifying biomarkers of salmon oocyte stage and quality.

Challenges in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Surveillance: Insights from Real-World DataGeorge S. Prousi, MD and Pamela K. Mason, MDUniversity of VirginiaCorresponding author:Pamela K. Mason, MDBox 800158Charlottesville, VA 22908434-924-2465Fax: [email protected]:Mason- Consulting and honoraria for Medtronic and Boston ScientificProusi- NoneCardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including permanent pacemakers (PPMs), implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices have improved patient outcomes for a variety of cardiovascular conditions.1,2 There is an upward trend in the utilization of CIEDs due to multiple variables including an aging population with increased comorbidities and expanded indications.3 CIED technology has rapidly evolved and device components must undergo rigorous evaluation to ensure safety and efficacy. Despite pre-market testing and post-market surveillance, historically, there has been an underestimation of device and lead failures.4 It is well known that transvenous leads are the “weak link” in most CIED systems, and efforts to reduce CIED malfunctions must address this issue.To improve the reliability of transvenous leads, design and manufacturing has included a focus on insulation integrity. Optim™, a co-polymer of silicone and polyurethane is a form of insulation incorporated into the Abbott Tendril™ STS 2088TC (Tendril 2088) leads. It was developed with an aim to reduce the risk of lead abrasion. There have been several studies suggesting an accelerated degradation of materials and lead failure for leads using Optim™, and particularly the Tendril 2088 lead.5-7 However, most of the clinical studies are single-center and observational.In this edition of the Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Ahmed et al. used an analytic real-world data model to compare the Tendril 2088 lead to pacing leads manufactured by competitors. This model uses patient device tracking, the Abbott device registration database, and the Medicare-fee-for-service database, and it has been validated previously.8 Probablistic linking was used to link the patients who were implanted with Tendril 2088 leads from the Abbott registry to the Medicare database. The authors then compared the rates of Tendril 2088 mechanical lead malfunction resulting in lead-related surgical intervention to competitors’ pacing leads. The numbers are substantial, with 89,629 Tendril 2088 leads identified compared to 433,481 competitive manufacturer leads. The groups were demographically similar, and the follow-up period was a minimum of two years. This real-world data analysis revealed no significant difference in surgical intervention-free survival rates between the two groups.The findings of this study present a contrast from other studies that suggested that there may be an increased risk of Tendril 2088 lead failures as compared to competitors’ pacing leads. The authors outline potential reasons for this variance, which include sample size, possible bias within the populations, and how “lead failure” is defined. This study had a rigorous definition of failure which needed surgical intervention but may not completely reflect all failure presentations and the effect on patient outcomes. This serves as a reminder of the challenges in product evaluation and surveillance.The authors have offered important insights into the Abbott Tendril 2088 lead, although evaluation of the Tendril 2088 lead and the Optim™ insulation will be ongoing.7 They also should also be congratulated for showing the added value of a real-world data model in post-market product monitoring. With these models, sample sizes can more accurately and expeditiously identify occurrences of device related malfunction and capture a wider range of patient demographics.Device manufacturers and the electrophysiology community are continually developing ways to analyze and follow products for safety and reliability. It is clear that the traditional methods of pre-market studies and post-market registries are inadequate to identify product deficiencies. This is particularly true for more uncommon issues or ones that only occur in specific populations or circumstances. Manufacturers are adding simulation modeling data to their product evaluation to enhance the reliability of their data.9 The addition of real-world data is another substantial advancement.It is important to note that many CIED manufacturers are making efforts to move away from traditional stylet-driven transvenous leads.10 This is a simple acknowledgement that these leads are still the “weak link” in most device systems despite sophisticated engineering and aggressive surveillance. Lumen-less transvenous leads are available which are thought to be more durable. For ICDs, subcutaneous and extravascular leads are both lumen-less and do not use the vasculature. Finally, leadless pacemakers avoid the issue all together.Regardless of these advances, millions of patients have transvenous CIED systems in place and these systems will continue to be the major mode of providing CIED therapies into the near future. We need robust mechanisms to follow all CIED products and real-world data models will play a role. Though there will be further question about the reliability of Tendril 2088 leads, there should be no dispute over the united pursuit for early identification of device related malfunctions and the use of large-scale data to achieve the best possible outcomes for our patients.Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: Executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:e227-e279.Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:e91-e220.Greenspon AJ, Patel JD, Lau E, et al. . Trends in permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States from 1993 to 2009: increasing complexity of patients and procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1540-5.Roberts H, Matheson K, Sapp J, et al. Prevalence and management of electrical lead abnormalities in cardiac implantable electronic device leads. Heart Rhythm O2. 2023;4:417-426.Segan L, Samuel R, Lim M, et al. Incidence of Premature Lead Failure in 2088 TendrilTM Pacing Leads: A Single Centre Experience. Heart Lung Circ. 2021;30:986-9956.Shah AD, Hirsh DS, Langberg JJ. User-reported abrasion-related lead failure is more common with durata compared to other implantable cardiac defibrillator leads. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:2376-80.El-Chami MF. The saga of tendril leads continues: Should we continue to bury our heads in the sand? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2021;32:1122-1123.Braghieri L, Ahmed A, Curtis AB, et al. Evaluating cardiac lead safety using observational, real-world data: EP PASSION proof-of-concept study. Heart Rhythm. 2024;S1547-5271(24)02819-4.Crossley, George H.Sanders, Prashanthan et al. Safety, efficacy, and reliability evaluation of a novel small-diameter defibrillation lead: Global LEADR pivotal trial results 2024;S1547-5271(24)02395-6.Wiles BM, Roberts PR. Lead or be led: an update on leadless cardiac devices for general physicians. Clin Med (Lond). 2017;17:33-36.

Objective This study aimed to assess alterations in right ventricular (RV) function following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with non–acute coronary syndrome angina utilizing three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE). Methods A prospective study was conducted involving 136 patients diagnosed with non–acute coronary syndrome angina undergoing PCI, constituting the study group, alongside 110 age and gender-matched healthy volunteers serving as the control group. Echocardiographic evaluations, including both conventional and three-dimensional assessments, were performed on all study participants at 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months post-PCI. Parameters such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were derived from conventional echocardiography, while tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (S’) was measured via tissue Doppler imaging. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE) was utilized to quantify metrics including right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC), right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS), right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RVGLS), right ventricular stroke volume (RVSV), and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). Results TAPSE, S’, RVFAC, RVFWLS, RVGLS, RVSV and RVEF exhibited significant increases from 1 week to 6 months post-PCI ( P < 0.05). However, from 6 to 12 months post-PCI, RVFAC, RVGLS, RVSV and RVEF demonstrated no notable changes ( P > 0.05). Meanwhile, TAPSE, S’, and RVFWLS sustained significant elevations: TAPSE (19.63±3.253% to 22.603±2.885%, P < 0.001); S’ (10.57±2.643 cm/s to 12.61±2.189 cm/s, P < 0.001); RVFWLS (18.64±2.745% to 19.926±3.291%, P = 0.002).By the 12-month mark post-PCI, S’, RVFAC, RVFWLS, RVGLS and RVEF were notably lower compared to those in the healthy control group: S’ (12.61±2.189 cm/s vs. 13.20±1.946 cm/s, P < 0.001), RVFAC (48.469±2.402% vs. 49.20±3.222%, P < 0.001), RVFWLS (19.926±3.291% vs. 22.10±1.994%, P < 0.001), RVEF (49.191±5.801% vs. 50.15±4.844%, P < 0.001). Conclusion Following PCI, right ventricular systolic function in patients with non–acute coronary syndrome angina improves significantly over time. However, even at the 12-month post-PCI mark, the right ventricular systolic function remains inferior to that of the control group. Notably, 3D-STE emerges as a non-invasive method for quantifying right ventricular systolic function post-PCI in non–acute coronary syndrome angina patients.

Response to: “Advocating for Change: Lifting Mesh Suspension in SUI Surgery Based on Established Literature and Long-Term TVT Study Results”Corresponding author: Berit Rein Solhaug (Gynecologist, PhD student) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway [email protected] Svenningsen (Gynecologist, Professor II) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital,Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of [email protected]   Maria Oyasaeter Nyhus (Gynecologist, PhD) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway [email protected]   Ingrid Volloyhaug (Gynecologist, Professor II) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway [email protected]

Fung and colleagues observed improvements in Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA) pass rates following targeted teaching interventions in their medical school cohorts. They showed that the PSA captured the effect of the intervention providing further evidence of its validity as a test of prescribing competence, and its sensitivity as an instrument to measure this. It also demonstrates that a dedicated prescribing assessment can influence the design of student learning pathways and encourage the development of authentic prescribing tasks in undergraduate medical training. In contrast, the Applied Knowledge Test (AKT), which necessarily tests multiple domains and areas of practice and knowledge, exclusively with single-best-answer (SBA) questions, did not detect the educational impact of this intervention. The PSA focuses on various aspects of prescribing skills including drug selection, dosing, timing and frequency of administration; as well as providing information to patients, recognising adverse drug reactions, dose calculations, monitoring, prescription review and planning management. It uses a testing approach that more closely aligned with prescribing practice including simulation of electronic prescribing in ‘white space’ fields, avoiding the potential cuing effects of SBA questions, and using a semi-open book design, in which the candidates use the key resource that they will use in practice – the British National Formulary. Fung and colleagues’ findings underscore the importance of passing the PSA as a measure of competence to enter practice and the complementarity of the PSA and the AKT in determining this.

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This paper explores the innovative approach of cardiac calcium electroporation as a potential advancement in catheter ablation techniques, building upon the historical context of thermal ablation methods. While traditional radiofrequency and cryothermal ablation have significantly improved efficacy and safety, the risk of collateral damage persists. Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a promising non-thermal alternative designed to target cardiac myocytes while sparing adjacent tissues. However, concerns about unintended consequences remain. In this study by Toya et al., the efficacy of low-power PFA augmented with calcium chloride infusion resulted in enhanced lesion formation, with increased surface area, volume, and histological damage, suggesting a potential for improved targeted ablation. Despite these findings, the study acknowledges limitations, including a small sample size and the need for further investigation into calcium’s effects on lesion durability and safety. This exploration represents a nascent step toward redefining cardiac ablation practices, highlighting the possibility of enhanced therapeutic and safety outcomes through innovative strategies. As PFA continues to evolve, incorporating calcium electroporation may further separate the overlapping risks of effective tissue ablation from collateral damage, signaling a transformative shift in cardiac electrophysiology.

This article investigates the stochastic stability of stochastic differential delay systems (SDDSs) with path information and their applications in consensus control of multi-agent systems (MASs) based on the path information feedback. Here, the integral path information and fragment-integral path information are considered respectively. The mean square (m.s.) and almost sure (a.s.) exponential stability criteria of the SDDSs with path integral information are established respectively according to the two types of path information. It is shown that the fragment-integral term may work positively for stochastic stability. Moreover, the obtained stochastic stability theorems are applied to design a distributed proportional integral/ fragment-integral control protocol and establish consensus conditions for stochastic MASs under proportional-integral (PI) -type controls. Finally, the effectiveness of the results is verified through two simulation examples.

The idea of preparation a water-soluble Pt-containing AIEgen successfully realized by direct RAFT copolymerization of a Pt(II) complex ( LPtPV) containing a vinyl group and polyvinylpyrrolidone ( p(VP)). The resulting block-copolymer p(VP-b-LPtPV) containing 5-8 Pt(II) chromophores exhibits intriguing photophysical properties - strong solvent and concentration dependence of absorption and emission characteristics. Various physicochemical and analytical methods (NMR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, ESI-MS, AUC, DLS, ICP-OES, GPC, viscometry, TEM) were used to characterize the initial complex, its binuclear analogues, p(VP) and p(VP-b-LPtPV). The obtained data indicate that the photophysical properties of the latter are dictated by the type of aggregation process rather than solvatochromic effects. It is shown that at low concentration in organic solvents the platinum chromophores aggregation is either absent (DMF) or occurs predominantly at intramolecular level (MeCN), whereas in aqueous media p(VP-b-LPtPV) readily aggregates into micellar-type nanoparticles with a hydrophilic p(VP) corona and a hydrophobic Pt-containing core, in which strong intra- and intermolecular Pt···Pt and/or π···π interactions result in a significant redshift of absorption and emission down to 600 nm and 816 nm, respectively. Despite of emission shift into NIR area where it is commonly quenched by nonradiative vibrational relaxation increase in emission quantum yield occurs in complete agreement with typical features of AIE emitters. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations of aggregation processes also confirm the trends in the relationship between aggregation mode and photophysical behavior, particularly, in the variations of energy gaps between the ground state of the AIEgens and their excited singlet and triplet states.

Introduction: Substernal extravascular defibrillators (EV ICDs) have been shown to be effective and safe for patients at risk of sudden cardiac death, however, there is little evidence around the safety of extracting chronic devices. Methods and Results: We present a 50-year-old patient in whom a Medtronic EV ICD system was successfully removed without specialist extraction tools, 186 weeks after implantation, by an operator experienced in transvenous lead extraction but without formal training in EVICD implantation. Conclusion: The successful extraction of an EV ICD system is possible without specialised tools at least 3.6 years post-implant.

In science and academia, success is often shaped by both knowledge and networking. Reflecting on nearly two decades in academic research, I recount my experience as a postdoctoral immunologist returning to Australia with limited local connections and support. Upon re-establishing myself in Australia, I initially faced barriers that restricted my visibility and collaborations. A turning point came when personal challenges motivated me to actively network, leading to valuable collaborations and career opportunities. By initiating conversations with academic leaders and peers, I expanded my network and established numerous leadership roles, even as a ‘junior’ postdoc through founding a symposium, engaging with an immunology society, volunteering on various academic and advocacy committees, contributing to public outreach and nationally advocating for gender equity in science. These experiences reinforced that networking is about fostering meaningful relationships and creating opportunities to grow professionally. I provide advice on how to increase your networks by volunteering at work, when attending conferences, through contributing to societies and building social media presence. My journey highlights the importance of being proactive in building networks, which can open doors, amplify one’s voice, and drive career advancement in science and academia.

With an aging population, there has been significant progress in the discovery and measurement of bone turnover biomarkers since the 2000s, especially for monitoring skeletal diseases like osteoporosis. Multiple markers derived from type I collagen, such as CTX, NTX, PINP, and ICTP, have been developed. Extensive efforts have been devoted to characterizing these molecules; however, their complex crosslinked structures have posed significant analytical challenges, and to date, these biomarkers remain poorly characterized. Previous attempts at characterization involved gel-based separation methods and MALDI-TOF analysis on collagen peptides directly extracted from bone. However, using bone powder, while rich in collagen, does not represent the true structure of the peptides in the biofluids. In this study, our goal was to characterize plasma and serum CTX for subsequent LC-MS/MS method development. We extracted and characterized type I collagen peptides directly from human plasma and serum using a proteomics workflow that integrates preparative liquid chromatography, affinity chromatography, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we successfully identified numerous CTX species, providing valuable insights into the characterization of these crucial biomarkers.

ERAS in gynecologic surgery: insights and future directionsAuthors: Jiayu Yan, Bilan Li, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, [email protected] study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82372925 to LBL,No.82172714 to LBL, No. 81602281 to LBL), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No.22Y11906300 and No.20ZR1443900 to LBL), Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (No. SHDC2020CR4086).

Understanding Differential Pacing: Unraveling the pitfalls of base vs apex pacing in distinguishing AVNRT from AVRT over a septal APPavel Antiperovitch1, Ahmed Mokhtar2, George Klein1Western University, Department of MedicineDepartment of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaWord Count : 552Abbreviations :AVNRT: Atypical Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia, AVRT: Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia, AP: Accessory Pathway, AV: Atrioventricular, CS: Coronary Sinus, PPI-TCL:, Post-Pacing Interval – Tachycardia Cycle Length, RA: Right Atrium, RBB: Right Bundle Branch, RV: Right Ventricle, SVT: Supraventricular Tachycardia, VA: Ventriculo-Atrial, VOP: Ventricular Overdrive PacingThe article “Differential Ventricular Overdrive Pacing During Long RP’ Supraventricular Tachycardia: How Can We Interpret?” by Nakashima et al1provides some reflection on a widely used differential pacing maneuver. The authors present a case of long RP supraventricular tachycardia, where right ventricular (RV) entrainment excluded atrial tachycardia. Following adenosine administration, there was AH prolongation and a block to the RV while the tachycardia persisted, indicating that neither the AH interval nor the RV were part of the reentrant circuit. The authors conclude that the most likely diagnosis is atypical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). To further explore this, the authors conducted ventricular overdrive pacing (VOP) from both the base and apex of the RV. They observed that entrainment from the RV base resulted in a shorter VA interval and a smaller PPI-TCL compared to the apex. This finding supports the presence of an AV pathway, which contradicts earlier diagnostic assessmentsDifferential pacing is a widely used technique to distinguish between nodal and extranodal ventriculo-atrial (VA) conduction via an accessory pathway.² In this case, why did the standard maneuver fail? The authors suggest that inadvertent His bundle capture was the reason, as indicated by the narrower paced QRS on the surface ECG when pacing close to the base. This issue can be avoided by repositioning the pacing electrode away from the His bundle or adjusting the pacing output. Another common pitfall in differential pacing is the location of the second pacing site. The traditional second pacing site is the apical region, which is a surrogate for approximating the site of the right bundle branch (RBB) exit into the RV. However, identifying the apex on fluoroscopy or a mapping system is subjective and probably poorly reproducible between patients and operators, leading to inconsistent distances of the recording catheter to the RBB terminus .To overcome these issues, we propose a slight shift of focus away from the conventional “apex” and “base” approach to a more reproducible physiological concept that is familiar to every electrophysiologist: the line of block. The atrioventricular (AV) plane of the heart serves as a natural line of block, and any conduction gaps other than the normal AV conduction system along this plane represent AV pathways. The operator’s goal is to test for completeness of the line of block by pacing close to and at a fixed distance from the AV ring (Figure 1). The first pacing site is positioned as close as possible to the annulus, typically in the posteroseptal RV just beyond the coronary sinus (CS) ostium, to reduce the risk of capturing the conduction system or atrium. The second site is placed a few centimeters farther away from the base moving inferiorly. Very simply, moving inferiorly a short distance from the annulus must shorten the SA interval if the “line of block” is complete (i.e. no septal pathway) and lengthen if there is no block (i.e. a septal AP). This approach removes the need to locate the true apex, at best an imprecise surrogate for the RBB exit into the RV, and reframes differential pacing in terms familiar to every electrophysiologist—it’s grounded in the fundamental principles we apply daily in the lab. It also sheds light on the common pitfalls of the maneuver, which are akin to those encountered when testing for gaps along ablation lines.REFERENCES1. Nakashima T, Nagase M, Usui T, et al. Differential ventricular overdrive pacing during long-RP supraventricular tachycardia: How can we interpret?Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. n/a.2. Martínez-Alday JD, Almendral J, Arenal A, et al. Identification of concealed posteroseptal Kent pathways by comparison of ventriculoatrial intervals from apical and posterobasal right ventricular sites. Circulation. 1994;89:1060–1067.3. Derval N, Skanes AC, Gula LJ, et al. Differential sequential septal pacing: A simple maneuver to differentiate nodal versus extranodal ventriculoatrial conduction. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:1785–1791.FIGURE 1 - Diagram illustrating the concept of differential pacing/entrainment using the “Line of Block” principle.

RMND1 and PLN variants are the underlying cause of Perrault-like syndrome and cardiac anomalies in a patientXiaoli Du1, Cara L. Barnett1, Kimberly M. Widmeyer1, Xinjian Wang1, Diana S. Brightman1, Carolee W. Noonan1, Kathryn N. Weaver2,*, Robert J. Hopkin2,*, Yaning Wu2,*1 Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USADivision of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and Department ofPediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA*co-corresponding author

Understanding the genetic, and transcriptomic changes that drive the phenotypic plasticity of fitness traits is a central question in evolutionary biology. In this study, we utilised 152 natural Swedish Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with re-sequenced genomes, transcriptomes, and methylomes and measured flowering times under two temperature conditions (10 °C and 16 °C) to address this question. We revealed that the northern accessions exhibited advanced flowering in response to decreased temperature, whereas the southern accessions delayed their flowering, indicating a divergent flowering response. This contrast in flowering responses was associated with the isothermality of their native ranges, which potentially enables the northern accessions to complete their life cycle more rapidly in years with shorter growth seasons. At the transcriptome level, we observed extensive rewiring of gene co-expression networks, with the expression of 25 core genes being associated with the mean flowering time and its plastic variation. Notably, variations in FLC expression sensitivity between northern and southern accessions were found to be associated with the divergence flowering time response. Further analysis suggests that FLC expression sensitivity is associated with differences in CG, CHG and CHH methylation at the promoter region. Overall, our study revealed the association between transcriptome plasticity and flowering time plasticity among different accessions, providing evidence for its relevance in ecological adaptation. These findings offer deeper insights into the genetics of rapid responses to environmental changes and ecological adaptation.

3,3-disubstituted oxindoles, forming the core of extensive bioactive natural products and drugs, attract tremendous efforts to develop efficient methods for their preparation. Here, a substrate-photosensitive strategy for the selective synthesis of 3-substituted 3-aminooxindoles from N-Boc isatin ketimines irradiated by visible light was reported with high yields and broad functional group compatibility.

Alkali metals have been used to degrade SF 6 in liquid ammonia. The products include metal fluorides. In this study, we reacted K − and Ag − with SF 6 in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The atomic metal anions were formed by in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) of their respective oxalate salts as previously described by our group. The only two reaction products observed were SF 6 − and SF 5 −. At low collision energy, the latter was deduced to be formed via an abstraction by the metal of F from SF 6 − formed by electron transfer in the encounter complex between the metal anion and neutral SF 6. As the collision energy was increased, there was evidence of a CID contribution to SF 5 − directly from SF 6 −.