Campus Speech Codes Are Not (mainly) White Savior Behavior* Robert Maranto University of Arkansas, Department of Education Reform, [email protected] Bradley-DorseyUniversity of Arkansas, Department of Education Reform, [email protected] Nathanial BorkUniversity of Arkansas, Department of Education Reform, [email protected]. Most higher education speech codes seem intended to protect racially, sexually, or religiously marginalized students. Compared to more privileged peers, are those students more likely to prefer speech limitations? We use survey data (n= 58,807 undergraduates from 257 campuses) collected by the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (2024) in spring 2024 to test whether marginalized groups are less tolerant of potentially offensive speech and more supportive of disrupting speech, relative to privileged (White, Christian, or heteronormative) students. In the fully specified OLS model, ideology has far more impact than demographic variables on tolerance of liberal and conservative speech. Further, religion and sexuality have more consistent direct association with support for limitations on conservative speech than does race or ethnicity. Analyses fail to support hypotheses that students from elite colleges are more supportive of disrupting speech they dislike. We conclude with limitations, and suggestions for future research.Keywords: Higher education, free speech, free inquiry, censorship, White Saviorism, Critical Theory*This research was made possible in part by Grant 2203 from the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression ($33,593 awarded). That organization played no role in writing this paper.

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between the launch of the Inclusive Education Policy and learner dropout at public schools within the South-Central education region of Botswana. A mixed-methods approach of the positivists' and the constructivists' beliefs were used to conduct the investigation. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire instrument ranged between 0.9839 (item 6, highest) and 0.9793 (item 1, lowest), using Cronbach alpha. All the measuring tools were pilot-tested. The sampling technique was stratified for the questionnaire, and was comprehensive for the qualitative instrument. Ethical issues were observed during the course of the study. Findings showed that 100% of 75 teacher respondents to the questionnaire items relate dropout to improper implementation of the named Policy, and 79% of the 12 interviewees concurred with the teacher respondents. Based upon the findings, the study recommended a greater synchrony between the Department of Special Support Services, parents, teachers, and other stakeholders that is inquiry directed to improve learning outcome of learners including those with disabilities. Further, it recommended greater in-service training for teachers towards diagnosing various disabilities, that will enable them choose appropriate treatments. Additionally, the study recommended improving monitoring devices to direct early intervention measures towards retention of learners with disabilities and peer assessment.

Zhou Yujie1*Dr. Rahul Mishra21China National Chemical Engineering & Construction Corporation Seven, Ltd2Asia- Europe Institution, University of Malaya1537 Longdu South Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China2Asia- Europe Institution, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaAuthor: +8615609031693, [email protected] Author: +60176371108, [email protected]

The women and peace hypothesis suggests that women are less hawkish than men on security issues. However, research shows women are also less willing to take on security risks. These tendencies clash in post-conflict societies, where the public is put in the position of having to accept a negotiated, ‘dovish’ end to war, while simultaneously taking on some risk as ex-combatants are reintegrated into society. I examine these competing tendencies among women in Colombia following the 2016 peace agreement with FARC rebels. Using data from the Americas Barometer, I find a persistent gender gap in conflict-termination attitudes, with women expressing more pessimism than men about reconciling with demobilizing FARC members and stronger opposition to reintegration efforts. These findings suggest that women’s heightened security concerns may outweigh their less hawkish tendencies, potentially making them, at the margins, an oppositional segment of the population to a peace process.

This paper is interested in individuals who experience war, and their attitudes towards territorial concessions. As its case study, the paper quantitatively and qualitatively analyses online survey data collected from a sample of Ukrainians to explore through their individual war narratives the emotional mechanisms that tie people to their country during the war with Russia. It finds links between people's willingness to compromise territory and their levels of national attachments, as well as their perceptions of the in- and outgroup at war. Particularly where nationalistic attachments are high, and the Ukrainian in-group is glorified as collectively victimized, the willingness to make compromises over territory is low. While this paper focuses on the Ukrainian example, the findings can travel to other scenarios where people experience war and face the option to make painful territorial concessions in return for a peace settlement.

Public-private partnerships are becoming more common among government procurement service agencies and Canadian long-term care homes. Information on the individual owners of Canadian long-term care homes is not reported in public registries or datasets. The present study remarks upon the difficulty of obtaining ownership information for a long-term care home in Canada having a private equity partner, in comparison to a nursing home in the United States. We conducted a systematic literature review of published white paper and gray literature, with a comprehensive search of major electronic databases from January to July 2024 to discern ownership of a public-private partnership long-term care home in Saskatchewan. Two equity owners of this facility were identified, with the involvement of seven other organizations. Ownership information for the case study long-term care home was difficult to obtain, outdated by almost a decade, and we are unsure of its accuracy. Through public-private partnerships, Canadian governments have incorporated profit-seeking and hidden ownership into the public long-term care system.

This paper examines the causality and transmission mechanism between Taiwan’s GPR and global supply chain pressure (GSCP). The employment of the bootstrap rolling-window Granger causality test facilitates the identification of the time-varying transmission mechanism. The positive one suggests that GPR leads to supply chain disruptions and increases transport costs, thus increasing the economic uncertainty of Taiwan, and the negative one indicates that GPR promotes restructuring and innovation of industries, hence improving supply chain resilience. In turn, GPR is positively influenced by GSCP, which suggests that the restructuring of supply chains leads to pressure on Taiwan to shift the industrial chain and thus at risk of marginalisation. The results suggest Taiwan’s high dependence on the GSCP makes it vulnerable to external GPR shocks. The findings are consistent with the dependency theory that Taiwan, as a resource controller, has an economy which is highly dependent on GSCP.

This article gives a qualitative exploration of the impact of political change on peasant farming in Zimbabwe during the period of the Government of National Unity (GNU) that took place between 2009 and 2012. Using 30 small farm households’ historical accounts in two rural settlements in the Shamva District of Zimbabwe complemented by over 100 informal interviews that were conducted in different rural farming communities in Zimbabwe, the study shows that smallholder farming was enhanced during this period. This was made possible because the period allowed farmers to accumulate financial, human, natural, physical, and social assets, which in turn enhanced their farming enterprises. Though the period of the GNU was short-lived, this study, therefore, recommends the formation of coalition governments in politically immature economies, especially in Africa and the lessons obtained from the coalition government in Zimbabwe have demonstrated this and has provided important lessons for Africa.

From Eastern Europe to Middle-East and South-East Asia, the post-WWII global order has been marked by “no peace no war” settlements that some scholars have labeled as frozen conflicts. These situations often emerge from intrastate disputes, leading to the formation of de facto states -such as Kosovo, Palestine, or Taiwan- that lack unanimous international recognition. Being the existing research mostly limited to case studies and small-N comparisons, this study contributes to the scholarship with an analysis encompassing 23 conflicts and 637 dyad-years. The research argues that disruptive events such as leadership transitions, changes in power relations, and alliance shifts increase the chances of violent thawing. On the other hand, stabilizing factors such as support from an external patron, the presence of a peacekeeping operation, low democracy level of the parent state as well as de facto state’s robust state-building capacities and its autonomous status make the stalemate more durable.

This paper probes the definitional shortcomings of private military companies, private security companies, and other forms of non-state security. Existing research struggles to conceptualise different forms of non-state and privatised security, often grouping actors together when they should really be treated as separate entities. I develop a dataset of non-state security actors (NSSAs), combining and extending existing datasets on private military and security companies. I collect data on the services these actors provide and the countries in which they operate. I use unsupervised learning to develop a typology of these actors in a more procedural and structured manner. Using this typology in harmony with existing datasets, I infer the true number of non-state security actors across time and space, and show existing findings on the effects of competition among NSSAs are really only driven by what are considered to be ”private security companies”. This dataset will allow for more nuanced theory building in the study of outsourcing violence.

This paper focusses on Myanmar, where the military has ruled for over 60 years. It gives a historic overview of regime changes under military rule. It then formulates a theoretical conflict model with three poles: the two contestants are the military and the EAOs who compete for the control the government. The government contributes to economic growth but not to civil war. The contestants appropriate natural resources and seek transfers from the government. Controlling the government can shift the balance of resources in favour of either side. A general equilibrium in the balance of power depends on military efficiency and the poverty gap. Empirical evidence shows how the balance of power has fluctuated. Periods of liberalisation have followed severe repression. The model also explains the occurrence of military and palace coups. Coups where more probable when the military was in a weak position. When the democratically elected NLD-led government sought to affirm its autonomy, and especially when it shifted fiscal resources to public health during the Covid pandemic, the military responded by the 2021 coup.

This review commemorates the thirty-year anniversary of Minstrels of Soul: Intermodal Expressive Therapy (Knill, Barba, & Fuchs, 1995), a key text in the field of expressive arts therapy. Drawing on the authors’ diverse backgrounds in musicology, psychology, counseling, and philosophical inquiry, the book introduces “intermodal decentering,” an approach that integrates visual art, music, dance, poetry, and drama into therapeutic practice. Central to this framework is the concept of “aesthetic responsibility,” underscoring the ethical and relational dimensions of creative work. Although written in the 1990s, Minstrels of Soul remains remarkably relevant: its focus on embodied creativity and community engagement speaks directly to contemporary challenges of political polarization, global conflict, and collective trauma. Building on its phenomenological roots, the text calls for a holistic, arts-based model that can address both individual and societal needs. This review highlights the ongoing impact of Knill, Barba, and Fuchs’s original contributions, discusses the book’s continuing applicability in diverse cultural contexts, and identifies emerging opportunities—such as digital modalities—for adapting intermodal expressive therapy to the complexities of today’s world.

Several decades after Michelangelo (1475-1564) filled the Sistine Chapel ceiling with a panoply of human forms chronicling the biblical tale of creation, Portuguese painter and philosopher Francisco de Holanda (c. 1517-85)—to whom Michelangelo was both a mentor and a lifelong friend —coloured the pages of his sketchbook with a radically different vision of cosmic genesis. In the opening plates to De aetatibus mundi imagines (Images of the Ages of the World), a visual retelling of biblical history from the Creation to the Apocalypse, Holanda trades the torsion of muscle and sinew for the precision of mathematical principles and geometric forms. Focusing on the opening plates to Imagines, which together testify to Holanda’s belief in the immanence of divine wisdom within temporal phenomena, this essay unravels the geometric transformations embedded in these plates so as to crystallise the philosophical underpinnings of Holanda’s geometric cosmos. Examined in light of the painter-philosopher’s own writings on the artistic enterprise, Holanda’s compositions materialise as a meditation on the creative potential immanent within humanity, with the various parallels drawn between divine and artistic creation configuring the mortal artist as an earthbound analogue to the demiurge. For Holanda, this essay argues, access to the divine is to be attained by emulating the process of divine creation through one’s own creative enterprise.

Written within and against a culture in which our capacity for sensuous experience had become truncated by the mechanistic philosophies and sciences of the day, William Blake’s prophetic books align naturally with the ethos of phenomenology. Seizing upon this underexamined kinship, this paper advances a phenomenological reading of a particularly perplexing dynamic within these books: Blake’s complex, oscillatory depictions of nature, now exalted as divine and now degraded as fallen, often within the same works. Enlisting the phenomenological frameworks of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger, I argue that Blake’s multivalent conception of nature is not a matter of inconsistency, but rather a cipher of the poet-painter's proto-phenomenological conviction in the immanently creative and constitutive character of human perception. For Blake, as for the post-Husserlian phenomenologists, phenomenal consciousness is not a passive receptor of external realities but an aestheticising force capable of transmuting the same objective world into a manifold of perceptual lifeworlds. Against the materialist dismissal of phenomenal consciousness as marginal, distortional, or altogether illusory, Blake’s prophetic books enable us to wrest from it a redemptive potential: They gesture to how the creative faculty within perception might be harnessed to generate modes of seeing—and in turn modes of being—that place us in harmony, rather than conflict, with our lifeworld.

Attentional bias modification (ABM) is cost-effective, accessible, and could meet the increasing demand for mental-health treatment. However, ABM paradigms that reliably modify attentional biases (AB) and symptoms are still required. Consequently, we examined the feasibility of a novel ABM intervention (gaze-contingent consonant and dissonant music heard when looking at positive and negative faces, respectively). Contingency awareness and use, and participant adherence and dropout assessed if the intervention could be done. Negative affect, state rumination, and negative AB (longer dwelling on sad and angry faces) after a single session (Study 1, N = 13), and negative affect, trait rumination, depression, anxiety, and negative AB  after four sessions (Study 2, N = 10) assessed whether the intervention should continue. The intervention could be done as (1) the music versions and their contingency were discerned and deliberately controlled by some participants, and (2) the participants adhered to the study with no dropouts. Although reductions in positive affect were seen across the studies, the intervention should continue to be explored as on the whole, reduced negative affect (or no change), state and trait rumination, depression, anxiety, and baseline negative AB were found post-intervention in descriptive data. Clinically-relevant changes in rumination, depression, and anxiety scores were found for some participants. AB change (attenuation/reversal/increase) depended on the contrast (emotional-neutral and/or emotional-emotional). An evaluation of the studies showed that task instructions, music selection, and the number of sessions to be delivered requires further exploration. In conclusion, gaze-contingent music ABM is feasible and should be further explored to ensure it works as intended for a larger number of individuals. Encouragingly, clinically-relevant changes in rumination and symptom levels were reported after four sessions. The differing emotional-neutral/emotional-emotional results could underlay/contribute to the lack of AB change found in the commonly used emotional-neutral ABM literature. Thus, both contrasts should be assessed.

This research aims to explore conflict resolution within the Baduy indigenous community based on the values of pikukuh. Pikukuh acts as both a social and spiritual rule that governs life, including conflict resolution. Despite modern influences, the Baduy people maintain their traditions while facing social and technological challenges. This study employs an exploratory qualitative method, involving in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. Research was conducted in the Baduy customary region, engaging local traditional leaders (Jaro) and the community. The findings reveal that pikukuh plays a significant role in maintaining social stability and resolving conflicts through traditional mechanisms, such as silih hampura (forgiveness), self-purification, and exile, emphasizing the restoration of social relations. Additionally, the Baduy community has adapted to modernization without neglecting customary principles. In conclusion, the pikukuh-based conflict resolution system effectively preserves social and cultural harmony and provides a relevant alternative for conflict resolution amid social changes.

This article presents an approach to scienti/ic knowledge, emphasizing its relevance and the procedures employed for its acquisition. Initially, the signi/icance of scienti/ic knowledge for the progress of contemporary society is highlighted, providing a comprehensive and substantial understanding of reality. It is characterized as a specialized form of knowledge, grounded in empirical evidence and rigorous experimentation, aiming to provide detailed and well-founded explanations of complex natural and social phenomena. Furthermore, its contribution to the construction of essential knowledge for social evolution and collective well-being is emphasized. The distinctive characteristics of scienti/ic knowledge are also outlined, including objectivity, veri/iability, generality, and systematicity, which distinguish it from other forms of knowledge. Regarding methods for obtaining scienti/ic knowledge, the stages of the scienti/ic method are addressed, including observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and result analysis. Additionally, various classi/ications of research are explored, such as exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory, as well as types of research, including bibliographic, experimental, and descriptive. Furthermore, the limitations of scienti/ic knowledge are discussed, such as the presence of uncertainties, dependence on technology, and the in/luence of biases, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging them for a broader and more critical understanding of scienti/ic knowledge.

Universal Basic Income (UBI) and Universal Basic Services (UBS) are the subject of widespread discourse as a potential replacements for prevailing social welfare systems. While implementing a budget-neutral UBI often requires a significant increase in the tax burden, this study delves into innovative dimensions of the ongoing debate on future redistributive mechanisms. In a unique approach, a pilot program was conducted, introducing a novel policy mix that combines participation income with specific social transfers in-kind. This study explores the pilot program's impact, incorporating objective and subjective well-being assessment. Our findings reveal a notable improvement in objective well-being, and some increase in subjective well-being items can be achieved using the suggested eco-social policy mix. A key revelation from the study emphasises the effectiveness of combining personal mentoring and financial support, particularly when acknowledging individual capacity building. The analysis also suggests embracing a Roma identity will likely strengthen individuals' social-building competencies. One of the distinctive features of the suggested eco-social policy mix is its gradual implementation, making its fiscal impact more manageable. Additionally, it offers flexible adaptability to the specific needs of the target population. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the combination of participation income, social transfers in-kind and personalised support demonstrates potential improvements in well-being and societal cohesion, providing a foundation for further exploration and policy development.